Early Modern
Frequently dated to the fall of Constantinople in 1453 CE, the rise of the Ottomans resulted in European expansion and exploration around the Cape of Good Hope and, eventually, the colonization of the Americas. The American and French Revolutions in the late 18th century effectively ended the period and ushered in the rise of democratic institutions as the primary carriers of the western tradition.
Philip II 2 Escudos
1556-1598 CE
Dutch Leeuwendaalder (32 Stuivers)
1589 CE
Spanish Netherlands Patagon
1621 CE
Charles IV 8 Reales
1630s-1640s CE
Dutch Leeuwendaalder (32 Stuivers)
1640 CE
Louis XIV Écu
1649 CE
Dutch Dukaton (60 Stuivers)
1668 CE
Charles IV 8 Reales
1700-1724 CE
Louis XV Écu
1726 CE
Dutch Dukaton (60 Stuivers)
1733 CE
Madonnenthaler
1769 CE
Louis XVI Écu
1783 CE